Occurrence of Fusarium species and trichothecenes in Nigerian maize
Timothy O. Adejumo, Ursula Hettwer and Petr Karlovsky
International Journal of Food Microbiology, Volume 116, Issue 3, 30 May 2007, Pages 350-357
2007
บทคัดย่อ
Occurrence of Fusarium species and trichothecenes in Nigerian maize
A total of 180 maize samples meant for human consumption from four maize-producing states of southwestern Nigeria were screened for twelve major Fusarium mycotoxins (trichothecenes). Mycological examination of the samples showed that Fusarium verticillioides was the most commonly isolated fungi (71%), followed by F. sporotrichioides (64%), F. graminearum (32%), F. pallidoroseum (15%), F. compactum (12%), F. equiseti (9%), F. acuminatum (8%), F. subglutinans (4%) and F. oxysporum (1%). The trichothecenes include deoxynivalenol (DON), 3, mono-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15, mono-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), neosolaniol (NEO), T-2 toxin (T-2), T-2 tetraol and T-2 triol, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), MAS-monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS) and fusarenone-X. Quantification was by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (HPLC/MS); the detection limits for each of the mycotoxins varied between 20 and 200 μg kg− 1. Sixty six samples (36.3%) were contaminated with trichothecenes, DON (mean: 226.2 μg kg− 1; range: 9.6–745.1 μg kg− 1), 3-AcDON (mean: 17.3 μg kg− 1; range: 0.7–72.4 μg kg− 1) and DAS (mean: 16.0 μg kg− 1; range: 1.0–51.0 μg kg− 1) were detected in 22%, 17% and 9% of total samples respectively. There were no 15-AcDON, NIV, HT-2, NEO, T-2, T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, MAS and fusarenone-X detected. This is the first comprehensive report about the natural occurrence of DON, AcDON and DAS in maize for direct human consumption in Nigeria.